The+War+to+end+all+wars

**//American History//**
 * //World Wars//**
 * //Mr. Sontheimer//**

Throughout the 20th century the world has been torn apart by wars. Unlike previous conflicts these “modern” wars involved more nations, took advantage of the technological improvements related to the Industrial Revolution, and engulfed the entire populations of the combatant nations. We are going to examine both the First and Second World Wars at the same time to find the common themes and differences that characterized each conflict.

Helpful Timeline with Links….Copy into your Wikispace  1914 June 28th - [|Assassination of Arch-Duke Ferdinand] August 1st- Germany Declares War on Russia October 29th – [|Trench Warfare] becomes dominant on Western Front 1915 May 7th- [|Lusitania] is sunk by German Submarine [|(U-Boat)] 1916 September 15th- British introduce the [|tank] to the battlefield 1917 January 16th [|Zimmerman Note] February 1st- Germans begin unrestricted submarine warfare April 6th- United States declares war on Germany December 5th- Communist [|Russia] reaches separate peace with Germany General “Black” Jack Pershing leads the first of 1.8 Million American Soldiers 1918 October 4th- Germany asks for Armistice (cease fire) November 11th- Armistice is signed bring an end to the fighting [|World Wide Influenza epidemic] 1919 June 28th- [|Treaty of Versailles] is signed with the League of Nations 1921 [|Extreme inflation] hits German economy as they pay reparations 1922 [|Mussolini] and his followers march on Rome 1923 [|Hitler] launches a failed coup in Bavaria writes =//Mein Kampf//= 1929 Stock Market Collapse in United States marking the beginning of Depression 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany March 12th First [|Concentration Camp] Opened 1934 June 30th [|Night of the Long Knives] 1937 December 13th [|Rape of Nanking] 1939 March 15th Nazis take Czechoslovakia through [|appeasement] September 1st Invasion of Poland using the [|Blitzkrieg] 1940 June 22nd France force to sign armistice with Germany September Beginning of the [|Blitz] 1941 June 22nd [|Germany attacks Soviet Union] a strategic mistake December 7th Japanese attack [|Pearl Harbor] drawing the United States into war 1942 September 13th Battle of [|Stalingrad] a key turning point of the War June 4th [|Battle of Midway] another key turning point of the War 1943 [|Battle of the Atlantic] Climaxes with many sinkings 1944 June 6th [|Normandy Landings] Americans in France August 25th [|Paris Liberated] December 16-27 [|Battle of the Bulge] Last German offensive of the War 1945 Feb 13th [|Dresden Firebombed] Many civilians are targeted by allies. April 28th Mussolini Hanged April 30th Hilter commits suicide May 7th German’s Surrender August 6th First Atomic bomb used on [|Hiroshima] September 2 [|Japanese] Surrender October 4th United Nations formed

 World War I Alliances Triple Entente France Russia England USA

Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire

World War II Alliances Axis Powers Germany Japan Italy

Allied Powers Great Britain United States Soviet Union France*  Your Project!

In **each** of the following categories you will research and explain ONE critical point from each category. You must support and illustrate your answer with FOUR PICTURES and ONE OTHER PRIMARY SOURCE. Your answer and evidence must connect and cover the First and Second World Wars. You may submit an answer in one of the following formats. 1.) Microsoft Word Document with Answers, Pictures, and Primary sources on one page. 2.) Wikispaces page(s) on your account with Answers, Pictures, and Primary sources arranged in a way that completes the assignment. Please place a link to your page on the class wikispace so I can go visit yours!

· // New technologies changed how war was waged Old techniques of fighting were decidedly ineffective against new tools. (chart the changes that armies made in how they fight ie. trenches vs. movement) // · // Developments in weapons extended their range and effectiveness. (examine the improvements made to a weapon of your choice through both wars ie. The tank) // · // Destructive capability increased so much that weapons became almost unusable because of their power.(Look at some of the most ghastly moments in both wars and make comparisons about the weapons that brought them about ie. Somme vs. Dresden //
 * Why these Wars Matter! **
 * T echnology ** -Both conflicts featured many new inventions and weapons that were developed and improved throughout the first half of the twentieth century. These inventions included ** tanks, aircraft, submarines, better communications devices, radar, sonar, and many more **. The introduction many of the inventions prompted improvements and innovations that continue through today.
 * Critical Points ** -

WWI

WWII

France Oct. 15, 1918. Mr. Mcgregor Smith Cookeville, Tenn. Dear "Greg": I received a letter from you a few weeks ago but have not had time to answer for we have been exceedingly busy. We are speedy[?] clearing France of the Huns and making Europe safe for you Kids to come over next spring. This wil be the most peaceable country in the world in about sixty days. You just think that you want to come over here we wont need you. I wanted to come over pretty badly and was happy as a lark the day we left New York but that will be nothing to the state of my feeling when I start back to the states. If the Statue of liberty ever sees me again it will have to about face and come down south to find me after she sees me pass going into the harbor at New York on my way home. This is the wettest muddiest country I ever saw, it has been raining steadily for seven weeks. I stepped in a mud hole the other night and went up to my waist in mud and didnt get to change clothes and in fact I haven't changed yet. I haven't changed for over two month and havent even had my clothes off for that length of time. I have not had a bath for six weeks and none in sight for I haven't the slightest idea of using what little drinking water I get in my canteen for batheing purposes. I shave as often as possible for the beard on my face keeps my Gas mask from being effective and the germans use quite a bit of gas. Gas and machine gun is their only effective weapons. I have been on every front in France. You cant imagine how torn up this country really is. Every where there are wire entanglements and trenches and dug outs. Even out of the war zone there are entanglements and dugouts to protect the civilians from air raids. I have been from border to border of France and I mean I made the trip on foot throughout the country like a Gypsy horse trader we would hike a while and then stop and fight a while. It was a great hike but a hard one as it was raining every day and night. The hardest fight we were in was in the Argenne Forest Our batterries were the one that destroyed the machine gun nest at Montfaucon. I was at the Forward observation post the night the barrage was laid during the big drive of the last few weeks. The barrage that night was the heaviest one ever laid in France. I saw ever bit of it and saw the infantry go over the top. That certainly was a night that I will always remember. Our doughboy are the greatest men in the world, they certainly have "Fritz" bluffed: During Aug. When we were in a drive against mount Sac the strongest fortified hill in France we supported a regement of Negro infantry and when they went over the top and up the hill they were sayingÉto them germans "take yo hats off white folks no Kazerade [?] to late now." They sure did slaughter the Huns. The southern boys are certainly hard fighters. The third Tenn. Infantry is the hardest fighting regement over here. I understand that they have been cited by the British for bravery. At Cambrai they were the americans that advanced thru the heart of the city and cleared the place of machine guns. Don't worry about coming over here stay in school that is your service to your country. I am in good health and ready to come home after the war but not before, I will do my bit here. I was appointed for the officers, training camp this month for the third time but refused it, I will go later on in the year I want to stay on the front as long as the war lasts. Be good and study HARD have a good time and write often. Love to all, Albert. Corp. Albert P. Smith Hq. Co. 115 F.A. American Expdt. France.

· // As men were mobilized for war, women’s roles on the home front expanded greatly(evaluate how production in both conflicts depended on women’s labor and support) // · // Using blockades and the denying supplies of food as weapons was practiced by all sides. (examine the blockades or WWI with the mass starvation of WWII in Leningrad) // · // Maintaining the war effort through propaganda was common and very important for morale.( compare the types of propaganda in both world conflicts) //
 * T otal War **-Both World Wars engulfed the civilian populations of the opposing sides. Civilians supported the wars through factory production and agriculture. Civilians were targeted by all sides as the wars progressed, and civilian opinion was critical to the continued war efforts.
 * Critical Points-**

WWI WWII

The **Nanking Massacre** or **Nanjing Massacre**, also known as the **Rape of Nanking**, refers to a six-week period following the Japanese capture of Nanking, then capital of the Republic of China, on December 9, 1937. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped [1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.[2][3] The massacre remains a contentious political issue, as various aspects of it have been disputed by some historical revisionists and Japanese nationalists,[3] who have claimed that the massacre has been either exaggerated or wholly fabricated for propaganda purposes. As a result of nationalist efforts to deny or rationalize the crimes, the massacre remains a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations, as well as Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations such as South Korea and the Philippines.

· // Racial and religious prejudice reached new heights in this period. Genocide became a “final solution” for several regimes during the Second World War. (Examine how the Armenians in Turkey were treated during WW I versus how the Jews were treated in WWII) // · // Internal opposition was not tolerated during the First and Second World Wars. (How did America treat people of German descent during WWI and Japanese during WWII) //
 * G enocide -**World Wars also allowed countries to propose and act upon solutions for portions of their populations that they could characterize as undesirable. From forced internal exile or relocations, mass executions and even extermination camps the First and Second World Wars changed how unwanted populations were treated.
 * Critical Points-**

//WWI//
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg/739px-Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg width="253" height="190" caption="File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg" link="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg"]] ||
 * WWII ||

While precise definition varies among genocide scholars, a legal definition is found in the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG). Article 2 of this convention defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."[1]

// WWII WWI   //
 * A uthoritarianism -** As the 20th century dawned much of the population of Europe lived under the rule of kings and monarchies. The World conflicts that characterized the first half of the century shattered these regimes and brought new powerful individuals to power. These dictators allowed little or no opposition and created powerful parties or systems to keep themselves in place.
 * Critical Points-**
 * // Old monarchies and territories will fall apart in the face of rising nationalism and the forces of war Democratic ideals will be pushed aside as militarism becomes more widespread // //(Compare the governments and nations at the beginning of each war)//
 * // New forceful leaders will take power and implement their totalitarian ideas of government.(look at the rise of Hitler, Mussolini, or Tojo) //

The concept of right-wing authoritarianism was introduced in 1981 by Canadian psychologist, Bob Altemeyer,[4] as a refinement of the authoritarian personality theory originally pioneered by University of California at Berkeley researchers Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford.[5] After extensive questionnaire research and statistical analysis, Altemeyer found that only three of the original nine hypothesized components of the model correlated together: authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, and conventionalism. Researchers have traditionally assumed that there was just one kind of authoritarian personality, who could be either a follower or a leader. The discovery that followers and leaders are usually different types of authoritarians is based on research done by Sam McFarland.[6]

World War I [] [] [] [] World War II [] [] []
 * Helpful Links-**

General Good Place to Start [|High School Media Center] Login-Gettysburg Password-Warriors Go the History Special Section and Type in “World War I or World War II” This is a resource with many primary sources and links, use it!

 Readings- The First World War